容貌焦慮症普遍程度和高危群組 | Prevalence & susceptible population of BDD

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容貌焦慮症普遍程度和高危群組 | Prevalence & susceptible population of BDD
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容貌焦慮症的盛行率

  • 根據 2016 年的一項系統性文獻回顧估計，一般成年人口中，容貌焦慮症的盛行率為 1.9%。 而在青少年和大學生當中，盛行率分別為 2.2% 和 3.3%。
  • 醫學美容中，容貌焦慮症的盛行率明顯較高，例如在痤瘡皮膚科診所（11.1%）、正顎手術（11.2%）和鼻整形手術（20.1%）組別等等。💅
  • 現時於國際和本港，針對容貌焦慮症的流行病學研究都並不常見。因此，其盛行率只能根據模型估算，對容貌焦慮症的實際盛行率，我們亦缺乏了解。

Prevalence of Body Dysmorphic Disorder

  • A systematic review conducted in 2016 estimated the weighted prevalence of BDD in general adult population to be 1.9%. For adolescents and college students, the prevalence rates were estimated to be 2.2% and 3.3% respectively.
  • The prevalence rates were significantly higher in cosmetic settings, eg. in acne dermatology clinics (11.1%), in orthognathic surgery (11.2%) and in rhinoplasty surgery (20.1%).💅
  • However, BDD is not commonly included in epidemiological studies both internationally and locally. Therefore, its prevalence rate can only be calculated based on estimation and an accurate understanding of BDD prevalence is lacking.

🙋 問題 Quiz：下列哪一類群組的容貌焦慮症最普遍？ In which of the following populations is the prevalence of BDD the highest?

A) 青少年 Adolescents

B) 普通成年人 Adults in community

C) 暗瘡病人 Acne patients

D) 鼻整形手術病人 Rhinoplasty patients

答案 Answer

D: Rhinoplasty patients 鼻整形手術病人 (20.1%)

容貌焦慮症高危群組 | Susceptible BDD population

a man is combing his hair with his hands
Photo by Towfiqu barbhuiya / Unsplash
  • 🧒容貌焦慮症可能發生在任何年齡層，但該疾病主要影響青少年和年輕成年人，症狀常於 12 歲時出現，但BDD 普遍在病患成年後才被做出診斷。
  • 🧑‍🤝‍🧑研究顯示，中國女性對外表的擔憂比男性更為普遍，問題在年輕成年人中較為嚴重。
  • 💪容貌焦慮症對男女的影響不同。體重和皮膚狀況是女性最關心的問題，而男性更擔心肌肉增長和脱髮。
  • 其他風險因素如下：1) 有容貌焦慮症或強迫症家族史 2) 童年虐待或忽視的受害者
  • 由於容貌焦慮症是一種精神疾病，在常規臨床檢查中，醫生通常不會懷疑此疾病。
  • 此外，容貌焦慮症是一種漸進性疾病，因此通常只有在成年後才能診斷。加上患者常因感到羞恥而有所忌諱，錯失診斷機會。

  • 🧒BDD could occur in any age group, but the disorder is thought to affect mainly adolescent and young adults, with symptom onset at age 12 and diagnosis made by adulthood.
  • 🧑‍🤝‍🧑Appearance concerns were more common among Chinese women than men, reaching peak levels at early adulthood
  • 💪Both sexes are affected differently. Weight and skin conditions are primary concerns in women, while men worry more on muscle gains and alopecia
  • Other possible risk factors are as follow:
    • family history of BDD or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
    • childhood experiences of abuse or neglect

Why is it hard to diagnose?

  • Doctors often don’t suspect BDD, a psychiatric condition, in routine clinical examinations.
  • Moreover, BDD is a gradual condition so diagnosis is often only made by adulthood. Patient avoidance due to shame and stigma also worsen the underdiagnosis.

🙋 問題 Quiz：下列哪些是容貌焦慮症的風險因素？What are the risk factors of BDD?

A) 青少年和年輕成年人 Adolescent and young adults

B) 有容貌焦慮症或強迫症家族史 Family history of BDD, OCD

C) 童年虐待或忽視的受害者 Victim of childhood abuse or neglect

D) 以上皆是 All of the above

答案 Answer

D) 以上皆是 All of the above

參考文獻 References

Veale, D., Gledhill, L. J., Christodoulou, P., & Hodsoll, J. (2016). Body dysmorphic disorder in different settings: A systematic review and estimated weighted prevalence. Body image, 18, 168–186. https://doi-org/10.1016/j.bodyim.2016.07.003

Thungana, Y., Moxley, K., and Lachman, A. (2018). Body dysmorphic disorder: A diagnostic challenge in adolescence. South African Journal of Psychiatry 24, 1-4.

Liu, S., Ma, J., Fan, Z., Yu, C., Wang, K., and Littleton, H.L. (2023). Dysmorphic appearance concern among Chinese adolescents and emerging adults. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders 36, 100778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2022.100778.

Phillips, K.A., and Diaz, S.F. (1997). Gender differences in body dysmorphic disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 185, 570-577. 10.1097/00005053-199709000-00006.

https://www.therefuge-ahealingplace.com/eating-disorders/body-dsymorphic-disorder/effects-symptoms-signs/#:~:text=Multiple studies indicate that BDD,than among men (2.2%25).

Bjornsson, A.S., Didie, E.R., Grant, J.E., Menard, W., Stalker, E., and Phillips, K.A. (2013). Age at onset and clinical correlates in body dysmorphic disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry 54, 893-903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2013.03.019.

全部文章 | All articles

✨ 甚麼是容貌焦慮症？它有多重要？ | What is BDD and why we need to know this

📊 容貌焦慮症普遍程度和高危群組 | Prevalence & susceptible population of BDD

🤔 容貌焦慮症臨床特徵及診斷 | Clinical feature & diagnostic tools of BDD

📜 2%人無法通過這個測試？幾條問題找出潛在容貌焦慮症患者 | 2% can’t pass this test? Find out if you have potential body dysmorphic disorder from these few questions!

🛎️ 如果我確診容貌焦慮症，我該如何尋求治療和協助？ | Treatment of BDD and access to help in Hong Kong